The Reformist State and the Universalist Orientation
The Reformist State and the Universalist Orientation
This chapter sketches state-reformist initiatives in the late Ottoman empire, considered as systemic transformations in a global context of modern state forms with associated forms of social engineering and state intervention in culture and law-making. It proposes that the consequence of these changes and transformations were secularising, intended as well as unintended. The chapter discusses the beginnings of educational and cognitive transformation, the rise of a new class and type of senior bureaucrats, the emergence of a modern intelligentsia, the appearance and spread of new forms of dress. Also discussed are counter-vailing, conservative reactions, both by religious institutions, resistant to reform and the attrition of authority, and conservative milieu more broadly. The issue of women’s education, dress and public visibility emerges as a site of contestation.
Keywords: Ottoman Modernisation, Secular education, Legal reforms, Social engineering, Ambivalences of Citizenship, The feminine question, Cognitive modernisation, New cultural forms, Modern intelligentsia, Conservative and religious resistances
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