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This volume brings together different varieties of English that have so far been treated separately: postcolonial and non-postcolonial Englishes. The different contributions examine these varieties of English against the backdrop of current World Englishes theorising, with a special focus on the Extra- and Intra-territorial Forces (EIF) Model (Buschfeld and Kautzsch 2017). Building on the general conception of Schneider’s (2003, 2007) Dynamic Model, the EIF Model aims at integrating postcolonial and non-postcolonial Englishes in a unified framework of World Englishes. The editors of the proposed volume claim that in the development of any kind of English around the world, forces from both outside and inside the community are in operation and lead to different outcomes as regards the status and characteristics of English. Each chapter tests the validity of this new model, analyses a different variety of English and assesses it in relation to current models of World Englishes. The case studies examine English(es) in England, Namibia, the United Arab Emirates, India, Singapore, the Philippines, South Korea, Japan, Australia, North America, The Bahamas, Trinidad, Tristan da Cunha, St. Helena, Bermuda, the Falkland Islands, Ireland, Gibraltar and Ghana.

The political shocks of the 2014 Ukrainian crisis have been felt in many former Soviet countries, not least Latvia, where over 35% of the population are native Russian speakers. At a time when analysts and commentators are unsure about Russia’s future plans to intervene on behalf of their ‘compatriots’, this study provides a detailed political and cultural analysis of Russian-speaking identity in Latvia.By using Russian-speakers in Latvia as a specific case study, this volume also offers a fresh methodological approach to the study of discourses and discursive strategies. It outlines a coherent methodology to study the evolution of discourses over time, rather than a single de-contextualized and static time period.Drawing on media analysis, elite interviews, focus groups and survey data, Russian Speakers in Post-Soviet Latvia situates the identity strategies of Russian speakers within the political, cultural, and economic transformations of the post-Soviet era. By assessing political, cultural, and economic links with their home state (Latvia) and their potential kin-state (Russia), it offers important insights into the complex identity positions of Latvia’s Russian speakers, and how these positions have evolved in Latvia since the late Soviet period.In a time when many will question the loyalty of Russian speakers to their various ‘host states’ this book provides a timely, scholarly account of ethnicity and ethnic politics in Latvia. It also offers a methodological framework that allows for the mapping of trends in discursive strategies, exploring how they evolve through time.

As the most widespread global language, English now has substantially more second and foreign-language speakers than native speakers. It is increasingly spreading beyond an ‘educated elite’ of academics, politicians, business professionals and the like, among speakers with limited access to formal education, that is at the grassroots of societies. Bringing together international contributors, this book explores uses of English in a variety of grassroots multilingual contexts, drawing on a diverse range of experiences, such as motorcycle taxi drivers, market vendors, cleaners, hotel staff, tour guides, migrant domestic workers, refugees and asylum seekers. Divided into three parts, the book explores the spread of English in former areas of British domination including Africa and the East, in trade and work migration, and in forced migration by refugees. The chapters present cutting edge case studies which draw on spoken data from Bahrainis, South Africans, Tanzanians, Ugandans, Bangladeshis in the Middle East, Italians in the UK, Indians in the US, and Nigerians and Syrians in Germany. This important and innovative volume presents a first documentation of world Englishes at the grassroots of societies and an empirical basis for their further study and theorising by integrating Englishes at the grassroots into existing models of English.